156 convolute (see Also involute)
: MOLDINGS, WITH PRACTICAL ILLUSTRATIONS IN EMBELLISHING WORKUsually employed to designate a wave or folds in opposite directions. A double involute.
157. Conic Section.—Having the form of or resembling a cone. Formed by cutting off a cone at any angle. See line A.
158. Conoid.—Anything that has a form resembling that of a cone.
159. Cycloid.—A curve, A, generated by a point, B, in the plane of a circle or wheel, C, when the wheel is rolled along a straight li
160. Ellipsoid.—A solid, all plane sections of which are ellipses or circles.
161. Epicycloid.—A curve, A, traced by a point, B, in the circumference of a wheel, C, which rolls on the convex side of a fixed circle, D.
162. Evolute.—A curve, A, from which another curve, like B, on each of the inner ends of the lines C is made. D is a spool, and the lines C represent a thread at different positions. The thread has a marker, E, so that when the thread is wound on the spool the marker E makes the evolute line A.
163. Focus.—The center, A, of a circle; also one of the two centering points, B, of an ellipse or an oval.
164. Gnome.—The space included between the boundary lines of two similar parallelograms, the one within the other, with an angle in common.
165. Hyperbola.—A curve, A, formed by the section of a cone. If the cone is cut off vertically on the dotted line, A, the curve is a hyperbola. See Parabola.
167. Hypothenuse.—The side, A, of a right-angled triangle which is opposite to the right angle B, C. A, regular triangle; C, irregular triangle.
168. Incidence.—The angle, A, which is the same angle as, for instance, a ray of light, B, which falls on a mirror, C. The line D is the perpendicular.
169. Isosceles Triangle.—Having two sides or legs, A, A, that are equal.
170. Parabola.—One of the conic sections formed by cutting of a cone so that the cut line, A, is not vertical. See Hyperbola where the cut line is vertical.
171. Parallelogram.—A right-lined quadrilateral figure, whose opposite sides, A, A, or B, B, are parallel and consequently equal.
172. Pelecoid.—A figure, somewhat hatchet-shaped, bounded by a semicircle, A, and two inverted quadrants, and equal to a square, C.
173. Polygons.—Many-sided and many with angles.
174. Pyramid.—A solid structure generally with a square base and having its sides meeting in an apex or peak. The peak is the vertex.
175. Quadrant.—The quarter of a circle or of the circumference of a circle. A horizontal line, A, and a vertical line, B, make the four quadrants, like C.
176. Quadrilateral.—A plane figure having four sides, and consequently four angles. Any figure formed by four lines.
177. Rhomb.—An equilateral parallelogram or a quadrilateral figure whose sides are equal and the opposite sides, B, B, parallel.
178. Sector.—A part, A, of a circle formed by two radial lines, B, B, and bounded at the end by a curve.
179. Segment.—A part, A, cut from a circle by a straight line, B. The straight line, B, is the chord or the segmental line.
180. Sinusoid.—A wave-like form. It may be regular or irregular.
181. Tangent.—A line, A, running out from the curve at right angles from a radial line.
182. Tetrahedron.—A solid figure enclosed or bounded by four triangles, like A or B. A plain pyramid is bounded by five triangles.
183. Vertex.—The meeting point, A, of two or more lines.
184. Volute.—A spiral scroll, used largely in architecture, which forms one of the chief features of the Ionic capital.
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The Reedy
Fig. 194 represents the reedy, or the bead—that is, it is made up of reeds. It is a type of molding which should not be used with any other pronounced type of molding. ... The Table Frame
When the entire table frame is assembled it will have the appearance shown in Fig. 39, and it is now ready for the top. ... Things To Avoid
Do not oscillate the saw as you draw it back and forth. This is unnecessary work, and shows impatience in the use of the tool. There is such an infinite variety of use for the different tools that there is no necessity for rendering the work of any ... Things To Avoid In Mortising
You must be careful to refrain from undercutting as your chisel goes down at the lines <em>a</em>, <em>b</em>, because if you commit this error you will make a bad joint. As much care should be exercised in producing the tenon, although the most com... Beginner Wood
In this place consideration will be given to some of the features relating to the materials to be employed, particularly with reference to the manner in which they can be worked to the best advantage, rather than to their uses. ... Drawing And Its Utility
A knowledge of drawing, at least so far as the fundamentals are concerned, is of great service to the beginner. All work, after being conceived in the brain, should be transferred to paper. A habit of this kind becomes a pleasure, and, if carried ou... House Building
House building is the carpenter's craft; cabinet-making the joiner's trade, yet both are so intimately associated, that it is difficult to draw a line. The same tools, the same methods and the same materials are employed. There is no trade more enno... How To Hold And Handle Tools
Observation may form part of each boy's lesson, but when it comes to the handling of tools, practice becomes the only available means of making a workman. Fifty years of observation would never make an observer an archer or a marksman, nor would it ... Tenoning Mortising Rabeeting And Beading
In the chapter on How Work is Laid Out, an example was given of the particular manner pursued in laying out mortises and tenons, and also dovetailed work. I deem it advisable to add some details to the subject, as well as to direct attention to some... The Carpenter And Architech
A carpenter has a trade; the architect a profession. It is not to be assumed that one vocation is more honorable than the other. A <em>profession</em> is defined as a calling, or occupation, "if not mechanical, agricultural, or the like," t... The Use Of Stains
As this subject properly belongs to the painter and decorator, it is not necessary to go into details concerning the methods used to finish off your work. As you may not be able to afford the luxury of having your productions painted or stained, eno... Things To Make
As stated in the Introductory, the purpose of this book is to show <em>how to do the things</em>, and not to draw a picture in order to write a description of it. Merely in the line of suggestion, we give in this chapter views and brief descriptions ... Tools And Their Uses
In the foregoing chapters we have referred the reader to the simple tools, but it is thought desirable to add to the information thus given, an outline of numerous special tools which have been devised and are now on the market. ... 100 Parquetry
A species of joinery or cabinet work, consisting of an inlay of geometric or other patterns, generally of different colored woods, used particularly for floors. ... 101 Peen Also Pein
The round, round-edged or hemispherical end, as at A, of a hammer. ... 102 Pendant
A hanging ornament on roofs, ceilings, etc., and much used in the later styles of Gothic architecture where it is of stone. Imitated largely in wood and plaster work. ... 103 Pentastyle
A pillar. A portico having five pillars, A, is called the Pentastyle in temples of classical construction. ... 104 Pedestal
An upright architectural member, A, right-angled in plan, constructionally a pier, but resembling a column, having a capital, shaft and base to agree with the columns in the structure. <div> <img src="/images/fig105_117.jpg" alt="Fig. 105.-Fig. 117.... 105 Pintle
An upright pivot pin, or the pin of a hinge; A represents the pintle of a rudder. ... 106 Portico
A colonnade or covered structure, especially in classical style, of architecture, and usually at the entrance of a building. ... 107 Plate
A horizontal timber, A, used as a top or header for supporting timbers, roofs and the like. ... 109 Quirk Molding
A small channel, deeply recessed, in proportion to its width, used to insulate and give relief to a convex rounded molding. An excellent corner post for furniture. ... 110 Re-entering
The figure shows an irregular polygon (that is, many-sided figure) and is a re-entering polygon. The recess A is a re-entering angle. ... 111 Rafter
Originally any rough and heavy piece of timber, but in modern carpentry used to designate the main roof support, as at A. See Queen Post. ... 112 Scarfing
Cutting timber at an angle along its length, as the line A. Scarfing joints are variously made. The overlapping joints may be straight or recessed and provided with a key block B. When fitted together they are securely held by plates and bolts. ... 113 Scotia Molding
A sunken molding in the base of a pillar, so called from the dark shadow which it casts. ... 114 Sill
In carpentry the base piece, or pieces, A, on which the posts of a structure are set. ... 115 Skew-back
The course of masonry, such as a stone, A, with an inclined face, which forms the abutment for the voussoirs, B, or wedge-shaped stones comprising the arch. ... 116 Spandrel
The irregular, triangular space, A, between the curve of an arch and the enclosing right angle. ... 117 Strut
In general, any piece of a frame, such as a timber A, or a brace B, which resists pressure or thrust in the direction of its length. <div> <img src="/images/fig118_123.jpg" alt="Fig. 118.-Fig. 123." title="" height="319" width="108"> </div> ... 118 Stud Studding
The vertical timber or scantling, A, which is one of the small uprights of a building to which the boarding or plastering lath are nailed. ... 120 Trammel
A very useful tool for drawing ellipses. It comprises a cross, A, with grooves and a bar, B, with pins, C, attached to sliding blocks in the grooves, and a pen or stylus, D, at the projecting end of the bar to scribe the ellipse. ... 121 Turret
A little tower, frequently only an ornamental structure at one of the angles of a larger structure. ... 122 Transom
A horizontal cross-bar, A, above a door or window or between a door and a window above it. Transom is the horizontal member, and if there is a vertical, like the dotted line B, it is called a Mullion. See Stile. ... 123 Valley Roof
A place of meeting of two slopes of a roof which have their sides running in different directions and formed on the plan of a re-entrant angle. <hr> ... 154 apsides Or apsis
One of two points, A, A, of an orbit, oval or ellipse farthest from the axis, or the two small dots. 155. <em>Chord.</em>—A right line, as A, uniting the extremities of the arc of a circle or a curve. ... 156 convolute (see Also involute)
Usually employed to designate a wave or folds in opposite directions. A double involute. 157. <em>Conic Section.</em>—Having the form of or resembling a cone. Formed by cutting off a cone at any angle. See line A. 158. <em>Conoid.</em>&mda... 66 Dormer
A window pierced in a roof and so set as to be vertical, while the roof slopes away from it. Also called a Gablet. ... 67 Dowel
A pin or stud in one block, or body, designed to engage with holes in another body to hold them together in alignment. ... 68 Drip
That part of a cornice or sill course A, or other horizontal member which projects beyond the rest, so as to divert water. ... 70 Extrados
The exterior curve of an arch, especially the upper curved face A. B is the Intrados or Soffit. ... 71 Engrailed
Indented with small concave curves, as the edge of a bordure, bend, or the like. ... 72 Facet
The narrow plain surface, as A, between the fluting of a column. ... 73 Fret Fretwork
Ornamental work consisting of small fillets, or slats, intersecting each other or bent at right angles. Openwork in relief, when elaborated and minute in all its parts. Hence any minute play of light and shade. A, Japanese fretwork. B, Green fret. ... 74 Frontal Also Called Pediment
The triangular space, A, above a door or window. ... 75 Frustums
That part of a solid next the base, formed by cutting off the top; or the part of any solid, as of a cone, pyramid, etc., between two planes, which may either be parallel or inclined to each other. ... 76 Fylfat
A rebated cross used as a secret emblem and worn as an ornament. It is also called Gammadium, and more commonly known as Swastika. ... 77 Gambrel Roof
A curb roof having the same section in all its parts, with a lower, steeper and longer part. See Curb Roof and distinguish difference. ... 78 Gargoyle
A spout projecting from the roof gutter of a building, often carved grotesquely. ... 79 Gudgeon
A wooden shaft, A, with a socket, B, into which is fitted a casting, C. The casting has a gudgeon, D. <div> <img src="/images/fig80_93.jpg" alt="Fig. 80.-Fig. 93." height="640" width="112"> </div> ... 80 Guilloche
An ornament in the form of two or more bands or strings twisted together or over or through each other. ... 81 Half Timbered
Constructed of a timber frame, having the spaces filled in with masonry. ... 82 Hammer Beam
A member of one description of roof truss, called hammer-beam truss, which is so framed as not to have a tie beam at the top of the wall. A is the hammer beam, and C the pendant post. ... 83 Haunches
The parts A, A, on each side of the crown of an arch. Each haunch is from one-half to two-thirds of the half arch. ... 84 Header
A piece of timber, A, fitted between two trimmers, B, B, to hold the ends of the tail beams, C, C. ... 85 Hip Roof
The external angle formed by the meeting of two sloping sides or skirts of a roof which have their wall plates running in different directions. ... 86 Hood Molding
A projecting molding over the head of an arch, as at A, forming the outer-most member of the archivolt. ... 87 Inclave
The border, or borders, having a series of dovetails. One variation of molding or ornamentation. ... 88 Interlacing Arch
Arches, usually circular, so constructed that their archivolts, A, intersect and seem to be interlaced. ... 89 Invected
Having a border or outline composed of semicircles or arches, with the convexity outward. The opposite of engrailed. ... 90 Inverted Arch
An arch placed with the crown downward; used in foundation work. ... 91 Keystone
The central or topmost stone, A, of an arch, sometimes decorated with a carving. ... 92 King Post
A member, A, of a common form of truss for roofs. It is strictly a tie intended to prevent the sagging of the tie beam, B, in the middle. If there are struts, C, supporting the rafters, D, they extend down to the foot of the King Post. ... 93 Label
The name given to the projecting molding, A, around the top of the door opening. A form of mediæval architecture. <div> <img src="/images/fig94_104.jpg" alt="Fig. 94.-Fig. 104." title="" height="640" width="109"> </div> ... 94 Louver
The sloping boards, A, set to shed rain water outward in an opening of a frame, as in belfry windows. ... 96 Lug
A. projecting piece, as A, to which anything is attached, or against which another part, like B, is held. ... 97 M-roof
A kind of roof formed by the junction of two common roofs with a valley between them, so the section resembles the letter M. ... 98 Mansard Roof
A hipped curb roof, that is, a roof having on all sides two slopes, the lower one, A, being steeper than the upper portion or deck. ... 99 Newel Post
The upright post at the foot of a stairway, to which the railing is attached. ... A Full Kit Of Tools
A kit of tools necessary for doing any plain work should embrace the following: <blockquote> 1. A Hatchet.<br> 2. A Claw Hammer—two sizes preferred.<br> 3. Cross-cut Saw, 20 inches long.<br> 4. Rip Saw, 24 inches long.<br> ... A True Perspective Of A Cube
Fig. 142 shows a true perspective—that is, it is true from the measurement standpoint. It is what is called an <em>isometrical</em> view, or a figure in which all the lines not only are of equal length, but the parallel lines are all spaced a... About Saws
There are four well-defined kinds. First, a long, flat saw, for cross-cutting. Second, a slightly larger saw for ripping purposes. Third, a back saw, with a rib on the rear edge to hold the blade rigid, used for making tenons; and, fourth, a compass...