Equipment And Care Of The Shop
Tool equipment. The choice of tools in any particular shop best comes out of long experience. Some teachers prefer to emphasize certain processes or methods, others lay stress on different ones. The following tentative list is suggested for a full equipment for twenty-four students. One bench and its tools may be added for the teacher.
The prices given are quoted from Discount Sheet No. 1 for Catalogue of Tools, No. 355 issued by Hammacher, Schlemmer & Co
There are good benches, vises, and tools of other makes on the market, but those specified below are typical good ones.
Following are two equipments for classes of twenty-four pupils, one severely economical to cost approximately $400, and the other more elaborate to cost approximately $750.
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$400 Tool Equipment
<h4>INDIVIDUAL TOOLS.</h4> <table summary="tools" align="center" border="0"> <tbody> <tr> <td>24</td> <td> Manual Training School Benches, H. & S. "L," @ $8.50.</td> <td> $204.00</td> </tr> <tr> <td>24</... Beveled Joints
<p>A beveled joint is made by beveling the members so that the plane of the joint bisects the angle at which the members meet. This is called the "miter" and may be 45 degrees or any other angle. It is a neat but weak joint unless reinforced by a sp... Board Structures
<p>These include such pieces as wall brackets, sets of shelves, book-racks, plate-racks, drawing-boards, foot-stools, taborets, and boxes.</p> <p>The advantage of this form of construction is that it is comparatively easy to make; the disadvantage is... Bolts
<p>Bolts with nuts are useful where great strength is desired. There are three chief varieties, Fig. 230.</p> <div><img src="/images/HandWork/230-200.png" alt="Fig. 230. a. Stove-bolt. b. Carriage-bolt. c. Machine-bolt." width="200" height="396"><br> ... Boring Tools
<p>Some boring tools, like awls, force the material apart, and some, like augers, remove material.</p> <p>The <em>brad-awl</em>, Fig. 125, is wedge-shaped, and hence care needs to be taken in using it to keep the edge across the grain so as to avoid ... Butt Joints
<p><em>No. 8. A doweled butt-joint</em> is made by inserting, with glue, dowel-pins into holes bored into the two members. The end of one member is butted against the face or edge of the other. It is used in cabinet-making where the presence of na... Chopping Tools
<p>The primitive celt, which was hardly more than a wedge, has been differentiated into three modern hand tools, the <em>chisel</em>, the <em>ax</em>, and the <em>adze</em></p> <p>The <em>ax</em> has also been differentiated into the <em>hatchet</em>, ... Cleaning Tools
<p>The <em>bench duster</em>. One may be noted hanging on the bench shown in Fig. 166. Bristle brushes for cleaning the benches are essential if the shop is to be kept tidy.</p> <p><em>Buffer</em>. Wherever a lathe or other convenient revolving shaft ... Cutting Tools
<p>The most primitive as well as the simplest of all tools for the dividing of wood into parts, is the wedge. The wedge does not even cut the wood, but only crushes enough of it with its edge to allow its main body to split the wood apart. As soon as ... Dovetail Joints
<p>"Dovetail" refers to the shape of the projections of one member, when looked at broadside. These projections are called dovetails, or merely tails.</p> <p>The projections on the other member are called tenons or pins, and the spaces between both... Equipment And Care Of The Shop
<p><em>Tool equipment</em>. The choice of tools in any particular shop best comes out of long experience. Some teachers prefer to emphasize certain processes or methods, others lay stress on different ones. The following tentative list is suggested fo... Filling
<p>The object of filling is to give a perfectly level and non-absorbent basis for varnish covering or other finish. This can be done with shellac carefully rubbed down with fine oiled sandpaper, but this method requires much toil and patience, and has... Framed Structures
<p>The principle of the framed structure is similar to that of the panel construction in that the object is to allow for shrinkage without harm to construction and also to economize materials. Common examples are tables, chairs, work-benches, and fram... Glue
<p>Glue is an inferior kind of gelatin, and is of two kinds,—animal glue and fish glue. Animal glue is made of bones and trimmings, cuttings and fleshings from hides and skins of animals. Sinews, feet, tails, snouts, ears, and horn pith are also... Halving-joints
<p>A halved joint is one in which half the thickness of each member is notched out and the remaining portion of one just fits into the notch in the other, so that the upper and under surfaces of the members are flush.</p> <p><em>No. 14. A cross-lap... Heading Joints
<p><em>No. 1. A lapped and strapped joint</em> is made by laying the end of one timber over another and fastening them both together with bent straps on the ends of which are screws by which they may be tightened. It is a very strong joint and is us... Hinges
<p>Hinges, Fig. 233, are made in several forms. The most common are the butt-hinge or butt, the two leaves of which are rectangular, as in a door-hinge; the strap-hinge, the leaves of which are long and strap-shaped; the Tee-hinge, one leaf of which i... Hinging
<p>In setting the hinges of a box cover, first see that the cover fits the box exactly all the way around.</p> <p>In the case of a door, see that it fits its frame, evenly all the way around, but with a little play. To insure a tighter fit at the sw... Holding Tools
<h4>A. <em>Tools for Holding Work</em>.</h4> <p>The advance in ease of handworking may largely be measured by the facilities for holding materials or other tools. The primitive man used no devices for holding except his hands and feet. The Japanese, ... Inserting Locks
<p>To insert a <em>rim-lock</em>, measure the distance from the selvage to the key-pin, locate this as the center of the keyhole, and bore the hole. If the lock has a selvage, gain out the edge of the door or drawer to receive it. If the lock box has... Locks
<p>The chief parts of a lock are: the <em>bolt</em>, its essential feature, the <em>selvage</em>, the plate which appears at the edge of the door or drawer, the <em>box</em>, which contains the mechanism including the <em>tumbler</em>, <em>ward</em... Logging
<p>The rough and ready methods common in American logging operations are the result partly of a tradition of inexhaustible supply, partly of the fear of fire and the avoidance of taxes, partly of an eagerness to get rich quick. Most of the logging has... Measuring And Marking Tools
<p>It is a long step from the time when one inch meant the width of the thumb, and one foot meant the length of the foot, to the measuring of distances and of angles which vary almost infinitesimally. No such accuracy is necessary in measuring wood ... Mechanical Methods In Lumbering
<p>The operations described above are those common in the lumber regions of the northeast and the Lake States. But special conditions produce special methods. A very effective device where streams are small is the flume, Fig. 23. This is a long wooden... Modified Halving Joints
<p><em>No. 20. A notched joint</em> is made by cutting out a portion of one timber. It is used where it is desired to reduce the height occupied by the upper timber. Joists are notched on to wall plates.</p> <div><img src="/images/HandWork/265-20.p... Mortise-and-tenon Joints
<p>The tenon in its simplest form is made by dividing the end of a piece of wood into three parts and cutting out rectangular pieces on both sides of the part left in the middle. The mortise is the rectangular hole cut to receive the tenon and is mad... Nails
<p><em>Nails</em>, Fig. 226, may be classified according to the material of which they are made; as, steel, iron, copper, and brass. Iron nails may be galvanized to protect them from rust. Copper and brass nails are used where they are subject to much... Painting
<p>Paints are used for the same purpose as other finishes, with the additional one of giving an opaque colored covering. The materials used are:</p> <p>1. A body whose function is to give covering power. This is usually white lead, but it is often ad... Panel Structures
<p>These include doors and cabinets of all sorts. The principle of panel or cabinet construction is that there shall be a frame composed of narrow members whose grain follows the principal dimensions. In the best construction this frame is mortised an... Planes
<p>The <em>plane</em> is a modified chisel. The chief difference in action between a chisel and a plane in paring is this: the back of the chisel lies close down on the surface of the wood that is cut, and acts as a guide; whereas, in the plane, the c... Polishes
<p>There are three principal forms of wood polishes, each of which has its virtues and defects. They are: (a) oil, (b) wax, (c) the varnishes.</p> <p>(a) <em>Oil.</em> The great advantage of oil polishing is its permanence. It will stand both wetting... Pounding Tools
<p>The <em>hammer</em> consists of two distinct parts, the head and the handle. The head is made of steel, so hard that it will not be indented by hitting against nails or the butt of nailsets, punches, etc., which are comparatively soft. It can easil...