Heading Joints
No. 1. A lapped and strapped joint is made by laying the end of one timber over another and fastening them both together with bent straps on the ends of which are screws by which they may be tightened. It is a very strong joint and is used where the beams need lengthening as in false work or in long ladders and flag poles.
No. 2. A fished joint is made by butting the squared ends of two timbers together and placing short pieces of wood or iron, called fish-plates, over the faces of the timbers and bolting or spiking the whole firmly together. It is used for joining timbers in the direction of their length, as in boat construction.
Fig. 264-2 Fished
No 3. In a fished joint keys are often inserted between the fish-plate and beam at right angles to the bolts in order to lessen the strain that comes upon the bolts when the joint is subjected to tension. In wide pieces and for extra strength, as in bridge work, the bolts may be staggered.
Fig. 264-3 Fished and keyed
Nos. 4, 5, 6 and 7. A scarf or spliced joint is made by joining together with flush surfaces the ends of two timbers in such a way as to enable them to resist compression, as in No. 4; tension, as in No. 5; both, as in No. 6, where the scarf is tabled; or cross strain as in No. 7. No. 4 is used in house sills and in splicing out short posts, Nos. 5 and 6 in open frame work. No. 7 with or without the fish-plate, is used in boats and canoes, and is sometimes called a boat-builder's joint, to distinguish it from No. 4, a carpenter's joint. A joint to resist cross strain is stronger when scarfed in the direction of the strain than across it. No. 7 is the plan, not elevation, of a joint to receive vertical cross strain.
Fig. 264-4 Spliced for compression
Fig. 264-5 Spliced for tension
Fig. 264-6 Spliced and Tabled
Fig. 264-7 Spliced for cross strain
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Adjusting The Tool Rest
<p>Horizontally the tool rest should be set about ⅛" from the farthest projecting corner of the wood and should be readjusted occasionally as the stock diminishes in size. The vertical height varies slightly according to the height of the o... Bolts
<p>Bolts with nuts are useful where great strength is desired. There are three chief varieties, Fig. 230.</p> <div><img src="/images/Handwork/230-200.png" alt="Fig. 230. a. Stove-bolt. b. Carriage-bolt. c. Machine-bolt." width="200" height="396"><br> ... Boring Tools
<p>Some boring tools, like awls, force the material apart, and some, like augers, remove material.</p> <p>The <em>brad-awl</em>, Fig. 125, is wedge-shaped, and hence care needs to be taken in using it to keep the edge across the grain so as to avoid ... Butt Joints
<p><em>No. 8. A doweled butt-joint</em> is made by inserting, with glue, dowel-pins into holes bored into the two members. The end of one member is butted against the face or edge of the other. It is used in cabinet-making where the presence of na... Care Of The Lathe
<p>The lathe should be oiled every day before starting. At the end of the period the lathe should be brushed clean of all chips and shavings, after which it should be rubbed off with a piece of waste or cloth to remove all surplus oil. All tools shoul... Chopping Tools
<p>The primitive celt, which was hardly more than a wedge, has been differentiated into three modern hand tools, the <em>chisel</em>, the <em>ax</em>, Fig. 139, and the <em>adze</em>, Fig. 141.</p> <p>The <em>ax</em> has also been differentiated into t... Cleaning Tools
<p>The <em>bench duster</em>. One may be noted hanging on the bench shown in Fig. 166. Bristle brushes for cleaning the benches are essential if the shop is to be kept tidy.</p> <p><em>Buffer</em>. Wherever a lathe or other convenient revolving shaft ... Dovetail Joints
<p>"Dovetail" refers to the shape of the projections of one member, when looked at broadside. These projections are called dovetails, or merely tails.</p> <p>The projections on the other member are called tenons or pins, and the spaces between both... Duplicate Turning
<p>Under the head of duplicate turning have been classified only such models as clearly indicate the necessity of making two or more articles to complete the model or set of articles desired. But it is not intended to convey the idea that other models... Equipment And Care Of The Shop
<p><em>Tool equipment</em>. The choice of tools in any particular shop best comes out of long experience. Some teachers prefer to emphasize certain processes or methods, others lay stress on different ones. The following tentative list is suggested fo... Face-plate And Chuck Turning
<p>Face-plate and chuck turning open an entirely new field of work from that taken up in previous chapters of this book. If handled correctly, it has much greater educational and practical value than cylinder turning. From the practical standpoint the... Finishing And Polishing
<p>To get a high and lasting polish on wood, the work must be first sanded so as to be perfectly smooth. In addition to this, open grained wood, such as oak, must be properly filled with a wood filler. If properly sharpened tools have been used very l... Glue
<p>Glue is an inferior kind of gelatin, and is of two kinds,—animal glue and fish glue. Animal glue is made of bones and trimmings, cuttings and fleshings from hides and skins of animals. Sinews, feet, tails, snouts, ears, and horn pith are also... Grinding And Whetting Turning Tools
<p>Skew Chisel</a></p> <p>The skew chisel is sharpened equally on both sides On this tool the cutting edge should form an angle of about 20° with one of the edges. The skew is used in cutting both to the right and to the left, and therefore, mus... Halving-joints
<p>A halved joint is one in which half the thickness of each member is notched out and the remaining portion of one just fits into the notch in the other, so that the upper and under surfaces of the members are flush.</p> <p><em>No. 14. A cross-lap... Heading Joints
<p><em>No. 1. A lapped and strapped joint</em> is made by laying the end of one timber over another and fastening them both together with bent straps on the ends of which are screws by which they may be tightened. It is a very strong joint and is us... Hinges
<p>Hinges, Fig. 233, are made in several forms. The most common are the butt-hinge or butt, the two leaves of which are rectangular, as in a door-hinge; the strap-hinge, the leaves of which are long and strap-shaped; the Tee-hinge, one leaf of which i... Hinging
<p>In setting the hinges of a box cover, first see that the cover fits the box exactly all the way around.</p> <p>In the case of a door, see that it fits its frame, evenly all the way around, but with a little play. To insure a tighter fit at the sw... Holding The Tools
<p>All tools should be held firmly but not rigidly. The right hand should grasp the handle at the extreme end for two reasons: first, to give as much leverage as possible so that the tool will not be thrown from the hands in case it should catch in th... Holding Tools
<h4>A. <em>Tools for Holding Work</em>.</h4> <p>The advance in ease of handworking may largely be measured by the facilities for holding materials or other tools. The primitive man used no devices for holding except his hands and feet. The Japanese, ... Inserting Locks
<p>To insert a <em>rim-lock</em>, measure the distance from the selvage to the key-pin, locate this as the center of the keyhole, and bore the hole. If the lock has a selvage, gain out the edge of the door or drawer to receive it. If the lock box has... Internal Boring
<p>In roughing out the center for Napkin Rings, Jewel Boxes, etc., the quickest method is to work it out with a small gouge.</a></p> <p>Place the gouge on the rest parallel to the bed of the lathe, having the point even with the center of the stock.<... Introductory
<p>Wood turning has had a definite place in the commercial world for a great many years. It is used in various forms in making furniture and furniture parts, building trim, tool parts, toys, athletic paraphernalia and many other useful and beautiful a... Laying Off Measurements
<p>In laying off measurements on the face of the stock a pencil compass or dividers should be used. Set the compass or dividers to one-half the diameter of the circle wanted. While one point is held at the exact center of the stock, which is easily loc... Locks
<p>The chief parts of a lock are: the <em>bolt</em>, its essential feature, the <em>selvage</em>, the plate which appears at the edge of the door or drawer, the <em>box</em>, which contains the mechanism including the <em>tumbler</em>, <em>ward</em... Logging
<p>The rough and ready methods common in American logging operations are the result partly of a tradition of inexhaustible supply, partly of the fear of fire and the avoidance of taxes, partly of an eagerness to get rich quick. Most of the logging has... Measuring And Marking Tools
<p>It is a long step from the time when one inch meant the width of the thumb, and one foot meant the length of the foot, to the measuring of distances and of angles which vary almost infinitesimally. No such accuracy is necessary in measuring wood ... Mechanical Methods In Lumbering
<p>The operations described above are those common in the lumber regions of the northeast and the Lake States. But special conditions produce special methods. A very effective device where streams are small is the flume, Fig. 23. This is a long wooden... Methods Of Fastening Stock
<p>All the work thus far has been on models where the stock worked upon is held between the live and dead centers. In face-plate and chuck turning the work is done at the head stock only and the piece is supported by means of a face-plate, or chuck, t... Modified Halving Joints
<p><em>No. 20. A notched joint</em> is made by cutting out a portion of one timber. It is used where it is desired to reduce the height occupied by the upper timber. Joists are notched on to wall plates.</p> <div><img src="/images/Handwork/265-20.p... Mortise-and-tenon Joints
<p>The tenon in its simplest form is made by dividing the end of a piece of wood into three parts and cutting out rectangular pieces on both sides of the part left in the middle. The mortise is the rectangular hole cut to receive the tenon and is mad... Oval Turning
<p>Oval work as a problem in turning will be found to be a very good one as well as interesting to the pupil. It brings in the principle of the oval as used in ordinary shop practice; (arcs from points on the major and minor axes). For thick heavy oval... Planes
<p>The <em>plane</em> is a modified chisel. The chief difference in action between a chisel and a plane in paring is this: the back of the chisel lies close down on the surface of the wood that is cut, and acts as a guide; whereas, in the plane, the c... Points On Setting Up Lathe And Shafting
<p>The counter shaft should be about 7' above the lathe. A distance of 6' from the center of the shaft to the center of the spindle is sufficient. In setting a lathe or hanging a counter shaft it is necessary that both be level. The counter shaft must... Position Of The Operator
<p>The operator stands firmly on the floor back far enough from the lathe to allow him to pass the tools from right to left in front of his body without changing </a>the position of the feet. It may be found convenient to turn slightly, bringing the l... Pounding Tools
<p>The <em>hammer</em> consists of two distinct parts, the head and the handle. The head is made of steel, so hard that it will not be indented by hitting against nails or the butt of nailsets, punches, etc., which are comparatively soft. It can easil... Practical Suggestions For Storing Lumber
<p>Under the hasty methods prevalent in the mill, very little wood comes to the shop well seasoned, and it should therefore be carefully stored before using, so as to have the fullest possible air circulation around it. Where the boards are large enou... Principles Of Joinery11
<p>Footnote 11: Professor Rankine's Five Principles:</p> <p>1. To cut the joints and arrange the fastenings so as to weaken the pieces of timber they connect as little as possible.</p> <p>2. To place each abutting surface in a joint as nearly as possi... Rules For Finding The Speeds And Sizes Of Pulleys
<p>1. To find the diameter of the driving pulley:</a></p> <p>Multiply the diameter of the driven by the number of revolutions it should make and divide the product by the number of revolutions of the driver. (20 x 300 = 6000; 6000 ÷ 1500 = 4&qu... Sawmilling
<p>The principal saws in a mill are of three kinds, the circular, Fig. 32, the gang, Fig. 33, and the band, Fig. 34. The circular-saw, tho very rapid, is the most wasteful because of the wide kerf, and of course the larger the saw the thicker it is an... Saws
<div><img src="/images/Handwork/086-350.png" alt="Fig. 86. Hand Saw." width="350" height="117" /><br /> <br /> Fig. 86. Hand Saw.</div> <p>The object of the saw is to cut thru a piece of material along a determined line. Its efficiency depends... Scraping Tools
<p>Scraping tools are of such nature that they can only abrade or smooth surfaces.</p> <div><a href="/images/Handwork/142-148-800.png"><img src="/images/Handwork/142-148-600.png" alt="Fig. 142. Auger-Bit-File. Fig. 143. Single-Cut Blunt, Flat, Bastard ... Screws
<p>(a) <em>Wood-screws</em>, Fig. 229, may be classified by the material of which they are made; as, steel or brass. Steel screws may be either bright,—the common finish,—blued by heat or acid to hinder rusting, tinned, or bronzed. Brass s... Seasoning
<p>The seasoning of wood is important for several reasons. It reduces weight, it increases strength, it prevents changes in volume after it is worked into shape, and it prevents checking and decay. Decay can also be prevented by submergence and buryin... Sharpening Tools
<p>The <em>grindstone</em> for woodworking tools is best when rather fine and soft. The grinding surface should be straight and never concave. The stone should run as true as possible. It can be made true by using a piece of 1" gas pipe as a truing to... Speed Of The Lathe
<p>The speed of the lathe should range from 2400 to 3000 revolutions per minute when the belt is on the smallest step of the cone pulley. At this speed stock up to 3" in diameter can be turned with safety. Stock from 3" to 6" in diameter... Spindle Turning
<p>Spindle turning is the term applied to all work done on a lathe in which the stock to be worked upon is held firmly between the live and dead centers. There are two methods in common use in wood turning: first, the scraping or pattern-makers' metho... Spiral Turning
<p>Spiral turning is a subject that has received very little attention by most schools in which wood turning is taught. Spiral work is seen in antique furniture and also in the modern furniture of the present day. It seems that it takes the wheel of fa... The Care Of The Woodworking Shop
<p><em>The general arrangement of the room</em>. The important factors are the source or sources of light, and the lines of travel. The common arrangement of benches where two sides of the room are lighted, is shown in <em>a</em>, Fig. 238. By this ar... The Common Joints
<p>Wherever two or more pieces of wood are fastened together we have what is properly called joinery. In common usage the term indicates the framing of the interior wood finish of buildings and ships, but it is also used to include cabinet-making, whi... The Common Joints
<table summary="note" align="center" width="600"> <tbody> <tr> <td>Transcriber's Note: The following six pages of diagrams are as they appeared in the original book. They are of poor quality, and the page enlargements are not mu...