Practical Suggestions For Storing Lumber
Under the hasty methods prevalent in the mill, very little wood comes to the shop well seasoned, and it should therefore be carefully stored before using, so as to have the fullest possible air circulation around it. Where the boards are large enough, "sticking" is the best method of storage, i. e., narrow strips of wood are placed at short intervals between the pieces which are piled flat. The weight of the boards themselves helps to prevent warping. Boards set upright or on edge
Fig. 58. Clamping up Boards to Prevent Warping.
Another precaution to take is to be sure to plane both sides of a board if either is planed, especially if the board has been exposed to air-drying for some time.
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Dovetail Joints
<p>"Dovetail" refers to the shape of the projections of one member, when looked at broadside. These projections are called dovetails, or merely tails.</p> <p>The projections on the other member are called tenons or pins, and the spaces between both... Equipment And Care Of The Shop
<p><em>Tool equipment</em>. The choice of tools in any particular shop best comes out of long experience. Some teachers prefer to emphasize certain processes or methods, others lay stress on different ones. The following tentative list is suggested fo... Filling
<p>The object of filling is to give a perfectly level and non-absorbent basis for varnish covering or other finish. This can be done with shellac carefully rubbed down with fine oiled sandpaper, but this method requires much toil and patience, and has... Framed Structures
<p>The principle of the framed structure is similar to that of the panel construction in that the object is to allow for shrinkage without harm to construction and also to economize materials. Common examples are tables, chairs, work-benches, and fram... Glue
<p>Glue is an inferior kind of gelatin, and is of two kinds,—animal glue and fish glue. Animal glue is made of bones and trimmings, cuttings and fleshings from hides and skins of animals. Sinews, feet, tails, snouts, ears, and horn pith are also... Halving-joints
<p>A halved joint is one in which half the thickness of each member is notched out and the remaining portion of one just fits into the notch in the other, so that the upper and under surfaces of the members are flush.</p> <p><em>No. 14. A cross-lap... Heading Joints
<p><em>No. 1. A lapped and strapped joint</em> is made by laying the end of one timber over another and fastening them both together with bent straps on the ends of which are screws by which they may be tightened. It is a very strong joint and is us... Hinges
<p>Hinges, Fig. 233, are made in several forms. The most common are the butt-hinge or butt, the two leaves of which are rectangular, as in a door-hinge; the strap-hinge, the leaves of which are long and strap-shaped; the Tee-hinge, one leaf of which i... Hinging
<p>In setting the hinges of a box cover, first see that the cover fits the box exactly all the way around.</p> <p>In the case of a door, see that it fits its frame, evenly all the way around, but with a little play. To insure a tighter fit at the sw... Holding Tools
<h4>A. <em>Tools for Holding Work</em>.</h4> <p>The advance in ease of handworking may largely be measured by the facilities for holding materials or other tools. The primitive man used no devices for holding except his hands and feet. The Japanese, ... Inserting Locks
<p>To insert a <em>rim-lock</em>, measure the distance from the selvage to the key-pin, locate this as the center of the keyhole, and bore the hole. If the lock has a selvage, gain out the edge of the door or drawer to receive it. If the lock box has... Locks
<p>The chief parts of a lock are: the <em>bolt</em>, its essential feature, the <em>selvage</em>, the plate which appears at the edge of the door or drawer, the <em>box</em>, which contains the mechanism including the <em>tumbler</em>, <em>ward</em... Logging
<p>The rough and ready methods common in American logging operations are the result partly of a tradition of inexhaustible supply, partly of the fear of fire and the avoidance of taxes, partly of an eagerness to get rich quick. Most of the logging has... Measuring And Marking Tools
<p>It is a long step from the time when one inch meant the width of the thumb, and one foot meant the length of the foot, to the measuring of distances and of angles which vary almost infinitesimally. No such accuracy is necessary in measuring wood ... Mechanical Methods In Lumbering
<p>The operations described above are those common in the lumber regions of the northeast and the Lake States. But special conditions produce special methods. A very effective device where streams are small is the flume, Fig. 23. This is a long wooden... Modified Halving Joints
<p><em>No. 20. A notched joint</em> is made by cutting out a portion of one timber. It is used where it is desired to reduce the height occupied by the upper timber. Joists are notched on to wall plates.</p> <div><img src="/images/HandWork/265-20.p... Mortise-and-tenon Joints
<p>The tenon in its simplest form is made by dividing the end of a piece of wood into three parts and cutting out rectangular pieces on both sides of the part left in the middle. The mortise is the rectangular hole cut to receive the tenon and is mad... Nails
<p><em>Nails</em>, Fig. 226, may be classified according to the material of which they are made; as, steel, iron, copper, and brass. Iron nails may be galvanized to protect them from rust. Copper and brass nails are used where they are subject to much... Painting
<p>Paints are used for the same purpose as other finishes, with the additional one of giving an opaque colored covering. The materials used are:</p> <p>1. A body whose function is to give covering power. This is usually white lead, but it is often ad... Panel Structures
<p>These include doors and cabinets of all sorts. The principle of panel or cabinet construction is that there shall be a frame composed of narrow members whose grain follows the principal dimensions. In the best construction this frame is mortised an... Planes
<p>The <em>plane</em> is a modified chisel. The chief difference in action between a chisel and a plane in paring is this: the back of the chisel lies close down on the surface of the wood that is cut, and acts as a guide; whereas, in the plane, the c... Polishes
<p>There are three principal forms of wood polishes, each of which has its virtues and defects. They are: (a) oil, (b) wax, (c) the varnishes.</p> <p>(a) <em>Oil.</em> The great advantage of oil polishing is its permanence. It will stand both wetting... Pounding Tools
<p>The <em>hammer</em> consists of two distinct parts, the head and the handle. The head is made of steel, so hard that it will not be indented by hitting against nails or the butt of nailsets, punches, etc., which are comparatively soft. It can easil... Practical Suggestions For Storing Lumber
<p>Under the hasty methods prevalent in the mill, very little wood comes to the shop well seasoned, and it should therefore be carefully stored before using, so as to have the fullest possible air circulation around it. Where the boards are large enou... Principles Of Joinery
<p>Footnote 11: Professor Rankine's Five Principles:</p> <p>1. To cut the joints and arrange the fastenings so as to weaken the pieces of timber they connect as little as possible.</p> <p>2. To place each abutting surface in a joint as nearly as possi... Sawmilling
<p>The principal saws in a mill are of three kinds, the circular, Fig. 32, the gang, Fig. 33, and the band, Fig. 34. The circular-saw, tho very rapid, is the most wasteful because of the wide kerf, and of course the larger the saw the thicker it is an... Saws
<div><img src="/images/HandWork/086-350.png" alt="Fig. 86. Hand Saw." width="350" height="117"><br> <br> Fig. 86. Hand Saw.</div> <p>The object of the saw is to cut thru a piece of material along a determined line. Its efficiency depends upon ... Scraping Tools
<p>Scraping tools are of such nature that they can only abrade or smooth surfaces.</p> <div><a href="/images/HandWork/142-148-800.png"><img src="/images/HandWork/142-148-600.png" alt="Fig. 142. Auger-Bit-File. Fig. 143. Single-Cut Blunt, Flat, Bastard ... Screws
<p>(a) <em>Wood-screws</em>, Fig. 229, may be classified by the material of which they are made; as, steel or brass. Steel screws may be either bright,—the common finish,—blued by heat or acid to hinder rusting, tinned, or bronzed. Brass s... Seasoning
<p>The seasoning of wood is important for several reasons. It reduces weight, it increases strength, it prevents changes in volume after it is worked into shape, and it prevents checking and decay. Decay can also be prevented by submergence and buryin... Sharpening Tools
<p>The <em>grindstone</em> for woodworking tools is best when rather fine and soft. The grinding surface should be straight and never concave. The stone should run as true as possible. It can be made true by using a piece of 1" gas pipe as a truing to... Simple Or Unjoined Pieces
<p>Of these there are a number that are advantageous for the learning of tool processes; at the same time they give opportunity for expression in design, and when finished are of use.</p> <p>Examples are: key-boards, chiseling-boards, bread-boards, sl... Stains
<p>The function of stains is to change the color, and to enchance the grain and texture of the wood. Stains may be divided into four general classes, which are not, however, entirely distinct. (1) Oil stains, (2) Water stains, (a) made from anilines, ... The Care Of The Woodworking Shop
<p><em>The general arrangement of the room</em>. The important factors are the source or sources of light, and the lines of travel. The common arrangement of benches where two sides of the room are lighted, is shown in <em>a</em>, Fig. 238. By this ar... The Common Joints
<p>Wherever two or more pieces of wood are fastened together we have what is properly called joinery. In common usage the term indicates the framing of the interior wood finish of buildings and ships, but it is also used to include cabinet-making, whi... Types Of Wooden Structures
<p>The articles suitable to be made in wood with hand tools may for convenience be divided into four general classes: (1) Unjoined pieces; (2) board structures; (3) panel structures; (4) framed structures. A few illustrations of each class are given b... Wood Fastenings
<p>The following are the chief means by which pieces of wood are fastened together: nails, screws, bolts, plates, dowels, glue, hinges, and locks.</p> ... Wood Hand Tools
<p>The hand tools in common use in woodworking shops may, for convenience, be divided into the following classes: 1, Cutting; 2, Boring; 3, Chopping; 4, Scraping; 5, Pounding; 6, Holding; 7, Measuring and Marking; 8, Sharpening; 9, Cleaning.</p> ... Wood Measurements
<p>Lumber is a general term for all kinds of sawn wood. Logs may be sawn into timber, that is, beams and joists, into planks, which are 2" to 4" thick, or into boards which are from ¼" to 1¾" thick. These may be resawn into special sizes...