Barefaced Tenons
: THE MORTISE AND TENON JOINTillustrates the joint in its simplest form and shows a tenon having only one shoulder. This is called a barefaced tenon, and it will be noticed that the portion which carries the mortise is thicker than the rail on which the tenon is cut. The joint is therefore level (or flush as it is called) on one side only, and it should never be used at the corner of a frame. It is a useful interior joint for framing that has to be covered on the back side with matchboarding, and allows the work to
Stub or Stump Tenon (; also occasionally called a joggle tenon).—The illustration shows a tenon as used in the interior of a frame. The tenon is not allowed to run through the stile, and unslightliness on the edge is thus avoided. This type of tenon is often used at the corner of a frame, and it then requires to be haunched. A good workshop method of gauging the depth of the mortise for a stub tenon is shown in ; a piece of gummed stamp paper is stuck on the side of the mortise chisel, indicating the desired depth of the mortise. This greatly facilitates the work, as it is not necessary to be constantly measuring.
A Haunched Tenon as used at the end of a door frame is shown at .—In this case it will be seen that the width of the tenon is reduced, so that sufficient timber will be left at the end of the stile to resist the pressure of the tenon when the joint is driven together. The short portion (A) which is left on the tenon is called the haunch, and the cavity it engages is termed the haunching. The haunch and haunching prevent the two pieces of timber lipping, or becoming uneven on the face side, as would be the result if it were cut away entirely up to the shoulder.
shows the type of tenon and haunch used when the stile or upright rail is grooved to receive a panel. In this and similar cases the haunch is made the same width and the same depth as the groove; the groove therefore acts as the haunching. An application of this joint is shown in the top rail of the door frame, .
This type of joint is also used to connect the rail to the leg of an ordinary kitchen table .
Fig. 129.—Method of Gauging for depth of Tenon.  Fig. 130.—Haunched Tenon used at end of Door Frame. |  Fig. 131.—Haunched Tenon used when Stile is Grooved for Panel. |
 Fig. 132.—Application of Haunched Tenon Joint to Door Frame. |  Fig. 133.—Occasional Stump Tenon. |
is a variation of the stump tenon, occasionally used where the work in hand demands a thin tenon and a stout stump to take heavy strains.
 Fig. 134.—Joint for Inside Framing. |  Fig. 135.—Haunched Barefaced Tenon. |
A joint used for inside framing is seen at . The rails may be used as shown, but in the case of a door frame (as ) they would have the inside edges grooved to receive the panels; the tenons would therefore be slightly narrower than shown, owing to the groove at each edge.
A Haunched Barefaced Tenon, used in similar positions to , is shown at . The door or frame in this case would be made of matchboarding nailed on the back as shown in the plan at .
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Acute Angle Hingeing
is a sectional plan of a corner cupboard showing a good method of hingeing the door. The inset <em>a</em> shows an enlarged view of the corner carrying the hinge, also the adaptor piece <em>c</em>, which is fitted to the inside edge of the cupboard ... Alignment
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is a "birdsmouth joint," a simple joint which can be readily made by the handsaw, used when a spar fits on the wall plate. A nail is shown securing it in position.</p> <p> shows the birdsmouth joint where the spar runs over the <em>outside</em> of ... Blind Lap-dovetailing
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is a centre or pivot hinge, used on the top and bottom of wardrobe doors, more particularly the interior door of a three-winged wardrobe where the method of fixing is confined to the cornice and plinth. The flange carrying the pins or pivot is let ... Chinese Cross
shows a variation of the Chinese cross, which is perhaps the most fascinating of all woodwork puzzles. Take six pieces of hardwood and accurately plane and saw them so that each piece will measure 4 ins. by 1 in. by 1 in. Bearing in mind that all t... Chinese Puzzle
The ingenious puzzle of the Chinese type shown in is probably older than many of us could guess, but as it is one that can be made by any woodworker we give full directions as to how it may be constructed. The complete article may be called, in for... Chisel Work
After marking out, as shown at , place the wood on the bench and proceed to chop away the centre portion in the following manner. Hold the chisel on the bevel and cut out a small piece to form a channel at the gauge line. Now hold the chisel in a ver... Chiselling Away Waste
Fix your wood firmly in any suitable manner, vice or otherwise, and, holding your chisel tilted as at , pare away the blacked portion 1; then pare away the blacked portion 2; after which hold the chisel flat and by gradual operations pare away the do... Clamping
shows the method of tenoning drawing boards, desk tops and secretaire falls. This is commonly called clamping. The method is used to prevent wide surfaces from winding. A variation of the joint is shown at the left-hand side, the corners in this exa... Close Joint Hanging
The method known as "close joint hanging" ensures the joint at the hanging stile being in close proximity to the hanging rail; this is shown at . The first member of the architrave moulding is generally a bead of the same diameter as the k... Corner Joints
shows both a single loose tongue and a double solid tongue. Both are methods used to connect circular cornered work, such as a counter end, to the front framing.</p> <p> indicates a tongued and grooved joint suitable for edge or end jointing, such ... Corrugated Steel Fasteners
It is now many years ago since the steel saw-edge fastener first appeared on the market, but probably 80 per cent. of amateur woodworkers have never yet sampled its advantages.</p> <p>In appearance it resembles a miniature corrugated galvanised shee... Cot Joint
At is shown an interesting joint used largely in the making of Indian cots. The illustrations indicate how the cross bar and end bar are mortised into the leg. A turned hardwood peg fits into a suitably provided hole and locks the tenons, which are ... Cross Puzzle
illustrates a six-piece puzzle joint, similar in some respects to , but very much simpler. Both a back and front view of the piece D is shown for clearness of illustration. The method of assembling the pieces is as follows: Hold piece B upright, an... Curved Mitres
We now come to what are probably the most difficult of all mitres, viz., curved mitres, and the writer well remembers in his apprenticeship days his first experience of attempting to fit the mouldings around the door shown at by using straight mitr... Cutting The Shoulders
With regard to working the piece B, , place the wood against the bench stop or in the vice, and taking up a 3⁄4-in. chisel carefully cut away a small channel, as shown at ; treat the other shoulder lines in a similar manner. If the marking knif... Dovetail Grooving
<p>The dovetail housing joint should first be carefully marked out with a marking knife, so as to cut across the fibres of the wood. For obtaining the bevel on the edge of the wood a joiner's bevel may be used, and the angle should not be too acute. ... Dovetail Keying
is a method used to prevent wide boards such as signboards, wide and shaped pediments, etc., from casting or warping. It is called dovetail keying. Beyond calling attention to the fact that the angles at the edges of the keys, where they are bevelle... Dovetailed And Wedged Tenon
When two pieces such as the cross rail and leg of a carpenter's bench are required to be held together by a mortise and tenon, and to be readily taken apart, the tenon is dovetailed on one side and the mortise is made of sufficient width to permit th... Dovetailing Template
Many workers who are constantly engaged upon dovetail joints make a small wooden template, as shown at . This template is generally of hardwood, such as beech or walnut. The method of obtaining the correct angles of such a template has already been ... Draught Screens
illustrates the end elevation and plan of a draught screen which is constructed of a light framework and covered with baize or American cloth. The reversible double-folding hinge would answer admirably for such a screen. Cases occur, however, where... Drawbore Pinning
At is seen the method of securing a tenon by drawbore pinning, employed when it is not convenient to obtain the necessary pressure by using a cramp. The joint is made in the usual manner, and a 3⁄8-in. twist bit is used to bore a hole through... Drawers
When dovetailing drawers or boxes it is necessary to square up the ends of all the stock and gauge them, as shown at . This illustration shows how to gauge the lines on a drawer side; the dovetailed joint in this case, however, does not run through ... Dreadnought File
At is a sketch of a portion of a dreadnought file. This has superseded the old-fashioned home-made float used to clean out the sides of a mortise.</p> <table summary="" border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" width="95%"> <tbody> <tr> ... Fall Fronts
is a sectional view of a fall front writing bureau fitted with centre or pivot hinges and arranged so that the edges form a stop when the desk front is turned to a horizontal position. The position for the fitting of the brass plates carrying the pi... Finding The Angle
For straight mitres, the mitre joint line is found by bisecting the angle, as shown in the various examples, and the following instructions are given to enable the reader to follow the diagram . Take a pair of compasses, or dividers, and with any con... Finger Joint Hinge
is a finger joint—a movable interlocking joint used to support the leaf of a Pembroke table. The small portion is screwed to the table rail and the shaped bracket swings out to support the drop leaf. The shaded portion of the bracket shows th... First Stage
First take the bars X and Y and arrange them as shown in . It is most important that the projections <em>a</em> of X face upwards, and that the projections <em>a</em> of Y face towards the centre. Then take the bar Z and bring it flat into the slot ... Fitting The Puzzle
The three central bars must first be joined, as those form the skeleton framework of the structure. shows them in position, but as it is a puzzle in itself as to how they can be got thus some explanation is necessary.</p> <table summary="" border="... Fly Rail
is a sketch of a small table with the top removed. A revolving fly rail is shown pivoted upon a piece of 1⁄4-in. wire. The object of this fly rail is to form a support to the small hinged drop-leaf of the table. This method is suitable for sma... Fox Wedged Tenon
This is the method of securing a stub tenon by small wedges. The mortise is slightly dovetailed and two saw cuts are made in the tenon about 3⁄16 in. from each side. Into each saw kerf a wedge is inserted and the joint glued up. The cramping o... Frame Dovetails
is a sketch of a constructional frame such as is used for building up a cornice or plinth. At the joint marked A an edge barefaced dovetail is shown. From the separated sketches of the joint (B) it will be seen that the dovetail can be put together ... Frame Dowelling
shows one corner of a frame with long and short shoulders, such as occurs when the upright is rebated through its entire length. The holes in both pieces are bored for the dowels before they are rebated. This avoids any difficulty in endeavouring t...